Physiology
Anatomist, physician and author
Andreas Vesalius
Death of Andreas Vesalius
Andreas Vesalius died in 1564. De humani corporis fabrica (1543) corrected anatomy by dissection rather than by commentary on Galen.
Structured lecture notes, vector biochemical pathways, and molecular mechanisms organized across 23 foundational branches of life sciences.
From sub-nanometer enzyme kinetics to planetary biogeochemical cycles across 15 orders of physical magnitude.
Enzymes, catalytic activation, nucleotide sequences, and ATP energetics.
10⁻⁶ m • MicroscaleMembrane transport, mitotic spindles, bacterial envelopes, and organellar sorting.
10⁻³ m • MilliscalePhotosynthetic thylakoids, vascular xylem/phloem, and circulatory systems.
10⁰ m • MacroscaleComparative Metazoa, angiosperm reproduction, morphology, and embryology.
10⁶ m • Global ScaleDarwinian speciation, trophic food webs, biodiversity, and nutrient cycling.
Landmark discoveries, pivotal papers, and foundational breakthroughs in life sciences history.
Andreas Vesalius died in 1564. De humani corporis fabrica (1543) corrected anatomy by dissection rather than by commentary on Galen.
Peer-reviewed vector illustrations, macromolecular structures, and metabolic pathway maps from across all 23 biological disciplines.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules present peptide fragments on cell surfaces for immune surveillance by T lymphocytes. MHC Class I molecules present endogenous cytosolic peptides to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, while MHC Class II molecules present exogenous internalized peptides to CD4+ helper T cells, establishing the cornerstone of self-versus-non-self discrimination in adaptive immunity.
Nanoscale molecular engines, ancient viral domestications, and evolutionary paradoxes explained through peer-reviewed biochemistry and cell biology.
Over 99% of the genes that originally belonged to the bacterial ancestor of mitochondria were permanently transferred into the host cell nucleus.
The ancestral alphaproteobacterium had thousands of genes. Over evolutionary time, non-lethal mitochondrial lysis and repair of nuclear double-strand breaks by non-homologous end joining led to 'Endosymbiotic Gene Transfer' (EGT): mitochondrial genes migrated into the eukaryotic nucleus. Today, human mtDNA retains only 37 genes (13 respiratory proteins, 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs); the other ~1,500 mitochondrial proteins are translated in the cytosol with N-terminal transit peptides.
Transferring genes to the nucleus protected them from the mutational onslaught of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the mitochondrial respiratory chain!
Select any pillar to examine structured notes, sub-modules, and graphical overviews across all 16 disciplines.
Enzyme kinetics, Michaelis-Menten dynamics, Krebs cycle, and bioenergetics.
Central dogma, replication fork, transcription, translation, and lac operon.
Fluid mosaic membrane, organellar sorting, cytoskeleton, and mitotic cell cycle.
Mendelian inheritance, linkage mapping, CRISPR-Cas9, PCR, and epigenetics.
Bacterial cell envelope, growth kinetics, viral lytic cycles, and conjugation.
Antibody Y-architecture, MHC presentation, B/T cell receptors, and vaccines.
Plant kingdom taxonomy from Algae to Angiosperms, floral morphology, and embryology.
Photosynthesis (Z-scheme, C3/C4/CAM), water potential, nitrogen fixation, and auxins.
Micropropagation tissue culture, somatic embryogenesis, protoplast fusion, and transgenic crops.
Plant histology, cryptogamic botany, gymnosperms, seed structure, and secondary growth.
Comparative Metazoan body plans from Porifera to Chordata, and mammalian organ systems.
Darwinian selection, speciation, Hardy-Weinberg population genetics, and phylogenetic trees.
Trophic energy pyramids, biogeochemical nutrient cycles, population curves, and biodiversity.
GHK resting potential, action potential kinetics, SNARE release, and LTP synaptic plasticity.
Gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation cell movements, Spemann organizer, and Hox genes.
Wiggers cardiovascular cycle, Bohr effect gas transport, renal countercurrent multiplication, and endocrine axes.
Restriction cloning, recombinant plasmid vectors (pBR322), stirred-tank bioreactors, and downstream processing.
Pairwise and multiple sequence alignment, BLAST heuristics, phylogenetic trees, and structural databases.
Beer-Lambert UV/Vis spectrophotometry, SDS-PAGE, chromatography, NMR, and X-ray crystallography.
Ramachandran plot stereochemistry, Bragg's law X-ray diffraction, cryo-EM vitrification, and NMR spectroscopy.
Official curricula for premier national and global life sciences examinations — 100% mapped to B10logy publication-grade lecture notes, vector diagrams, and rapid cram sheets.
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research National Eligibility Test. Complete 13 official units covering Biochemistry, Cell & Mol Bio, Genetics, Physiology, Ecology, and Methods.
Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering. Mandatory Chemistry (Section P) and optional sections: Biochemistry (XL-Q), Botany (XL-R), Microbiology (XL-S), Zoology (XL-T), and Biotech (XL-U).
United States Medical Licensing Examination basic sciences: Medical Biochemistry, Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Medical Microbiology, Immunology, Cellular Pathology, and Organ Systems.
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