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Plant Physiology

I. Introduction to Plant Physiology

  • Definition of plant physiology
  • Overview of plant life processes
  • The significance of plant physiology in agriculture and environmental science

2. Plant Water Relations

  • Water uptake by plants
  • Transpiration and water loss
  • Water potential and its significance
  • Adaptations of plants to water stress

III. Plant Nutrition

  • Essential elements for plant growth
  • Absorption and transport of mineral nutrients
  • Nitrogen metabolism and fixation
  • Micronutrients and their importance

IV. Photosynthesis

  • Chloroplast structure and function
  • Light absorption and energy transfer
  • The Calvin cycle and carbon fixation
  • Photorespiration and its significance

V. Respiration and Energy Production

  • Cellular respiration and its stages
  • ATP production and electron transport chain
  • Fermentation and anaerobic respiration

VI. Growth and Development

  • Plant hormones and their roles in growth and development
  • Cell division and differentiation
  • Apical dominance and branching
  • Senescence and programmed cell death

VII. Environmental Factors Affecting Plant Growth and Development

  • Light and photomorphogenesis
  • Temperature and its effects on plants
  • Stress responses and adaptations
  • Plant-microbe interactions

VIII. Reproduction and Reproductive Strategies

  • Flowering and pollination
  • Fertilization and seed formation
  • Seed dormancy and germination
  • Asexual reproduction and vegetative propagation

IX. Applied Plant Physiology

  • Plant breeding and biotechnology
  • Plant growth regulators and their applications
  • Plant responses to climate change and global warming
  • Physiological disorders and their management
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