1. Introduction to Genetics
History and basic concepts of genetics
The molecular basis of inheritance
DNA replication, transcription, and translation
2. Mendelian Genetics
Mendel’s laws of inheritance
Punnett squares and genetic ratios
Dihybrid crosses and gene interactions
3. Extensions of Mendelian Genetics
Incomplete dominance and codominance
Sex-linked inheritance
Pedigree analysis
4. Chromosomes and Genetic Linkage
Chromosome structure and organization
Genetic recombination and linkage
Mapping genes and chromosomes
7. Genetic Variation and Evolution
Sources of genetic variation
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Genetic drift, migration, and selection
8. Genetics of Traits and Diseases
Single-gene disorders
Complex traits and polygenic inheritance
Genetic testing and counseling
9. Applications of Genetics in Medicine
Pharmacogenomics
Gene therapy and genetic engineering
Ethical and social implications of genetic research and technology
10. Genetics in Agriculture and Biotechnology
Plant and animal breeding
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
Bioethics and regulation of biotechnology
