Seed dormancy refers to the condition of a viable seed to remain in a state of suspended growth and development, even when provided with the necessary environmental conditions for germination. Dormancy is an adaptive trait that allows seeds to survive unfavorable conditions and synchronize their germination with suitable conditions for growth and development. Seeds can be dormant due to various factors, including the presence of a hard seed coat, chemical inhibitors, and embryo immaturity.
Germination is the process of breaking seed dormancy and resuming growth and development. During germination, the seed absorbs water, and enzymes are activated to break down stored nutrients in the endosperm and cotyledons to provide energy and nutrients for the developing embryo. Germination is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, light, and moisture.
Seed germination can occur in two ways: epigeal and hypogeal germination. In epigeal germination, the cotyledons emerge above the ground, and the stem elongates, whereas in hypogeal germination, the cotyledons remain underground, and the stem elongates.
Seed dormancy and germination are important aspects of plant reproduction and survival. Seed dormancy ensures that seeds do not germinate at inappropriate times, such as during unfavorable weather conditions, while germination enables the successful establishment of new plants.