Biochemistry

I. Introduction to Biochemistry

Definition and scope of Biochemistry

Historical development of Biochemistry

Importance of Biochemistry in understanding biological systems

II. Biomolecules

Introduction to biomolecules and their properties

Carbohydrates: structure, function, and metabolism

Lipids: structure, function, and metabolism

Proteins: structure, function, and metabolism

Nucleic acids: structure, function, and metabolism

Protein synthesis, folding and modification

III. Enzymes

Introduction to enzymes and their properties

Enzyme kinetics and mechanisms

Factors affecting enzyme activity

Enzyme regulation and inhibition

Enzymes in industrial and medical applications

IV. Metabolism

Overview of metabolism and metabolic pathways

Glycolysis

Gluconeogenesis

Citric acid cycle

Oxidative phosphorylation

Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis of nucleotides

Biosynthesis of amino acids

Biosynthesis of lipids

Metabolic regulation and hormonal control

V. Bioenergetics

Thermodynamics of biological systems

ATP and energy transfer

Metabolic pathways and energy yield

VI. Gene Expression

DNA replication, transcription, and translation

Regulation of gene expression

Recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering

VII. Techniques in Biochemistry

Protein purification and analysis

Chromatography, electrophoresis, and spectroscopy

Enzyme assays and kinetics

DNA sequencing and gene expression analysis

VIII. Special Topics in Biochemistry

Biochemistry of Signal Transduction

Biochemistry of Immunology

Biochemistry of Cancer

Biochemistry of Drug Design and Discovery